在这里,我们将介绍 PMT 的几种用途。
当光被照射到共同染色细胞或染色体的快速流动的溶液中时,荧光和散射光从细胞或染色体中释放出来。分析这种荧光和散射光有助于揭示细胞特性及其结构。此研究领域称为流式细胞术。
流式细胞仪是该领域的典型仪器,可用于细胞学、免疫学和血液学研究,部分用于实验室检测(医疗前沿),包括血液分析。
血液包括个体疾病或细菌的抗原,抗原是引起免疫反应的物质。存在一种血液检查方法,其可以通过使少量血液与抗体作为接合特异性抗原的试剂反应并测量其发光量,来决定受试者患有疾病或感染细菌的程度。虽然为了提高接合或发光效率的研究已取得进步,但也需要减少用于测量的样品量。为了实现这种需求,使用光电倍增管作为可执行单光子计数的探测器。
卫生监测仪也称为 ATP 分析仪。该装置提取细菌和细胞中的 ATP,并使用萤火虫的光发射原理引起与 ATP 中的发光试剂的反应,从而进行测量。该卫生监测仪用于在餐厅、食品厂等进行纯度检查。在测试中,用棉签擦拭待检查物体的表面,并且只需将棉签插入卫生监测仪中即可立即发现灰尘或污染的程度。卫生监测仪的一个重要特点是,光子计数方法只需使用极少量的样品材料即可进行高灵敏度测量。
便携式辐射测量设备或探测仪对于海关检查机构、核电站和医院等出于公共安全目的检测放射性物质至关重要。在各种辐射测量设备中,最灵敏的类型结合使用光电倍增管和闪烁体,灵敏度范围比盖革-穆勒计数器(GM 计数器)高出数十到数百倍。此用途中使用的光电倍增管必须紧凑、坚固且易于与闪烁体耦合,并具有低功耗特点。
硫氧化物监测仪或二氧化硫分析仪用于测量空气中二氧化硫的环境浓度。最近的型号使用紫外荧光方法,通过将紫外光照射到二氧化硫上来激发二氧化硫,然后测量从二氧化硫发射的荧光强度,从而检测空气中的二氧化硫浓度。
PMT 还用于氮氧化物监测仪和粒子计数器。氮氧化物监测仪用于测量氮氧化物,氮氧化物是空气和各种内燃机排放的废气中所含的空气污染物。粒子计数器通过测量光散射来测量漂浮在大气或室内的粒子的密度。可以通过利用 β 射线的吸收来测量微粒子,例如 PM2.5。
这些系统通过在晶圆上扫描激光光束,然后检测产生的散射光,以发现晶圆表面上的任何碎屑、污垢或破损,从而发现半导体晶圆上的缺陷。半导体技术的进步使晶圆上的光刻线更加精细,因此,现在必须检测更小的缺陷,使这些检查设备成为一种必不可少的工具。
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