这是物质进行反应所需的能量。在用于计算化学反应速度的阿仑尼乌斯方程中,活化能被用作表示化学反应发生的难易程度的指标。阿仑尼乌斯方程用于计算 LED 等的使用寿命。LED 劣化的活化能从几种温度条件下的失效率获得。
用于将模拟信号转换为数字信号的器件。
后脉冲是真实信号输出脉冲之后的伪信号脉冲。在 MPPC 中,这表示当生成的载体被晶格缺陷捕获,然后以某个时间延迟释放时,产生除信号以外的脉冲的现象。后脉冲可能像串扰和暗脉冲一样导致探测误差。温度越低,载体被晶格缺陷捕获的概率就越高,因此后脉冲将增加。
没有明确形态的非结晶状态。例如,当液体或气体半导体被快速冷却和固化,以至于没有形成晶体时,就变成非晶态。在此状态下,晶体结构具有短距序,但没有长距序,并且在带隙边缘出现尾级,使光学特性不同于单晶或多晶材料的光学特性。
用于增加光电检测器的信号大小,使其更易于数字化的器件。
放大器的带宽 (BW) 定义为高低频率截止点之间的差值。截止点是信号下降 3 dB 的位置。
一种蚀刻过程,其中特定方向上的蚀刻速度与其他方向上的蚀刻速度不同。例如,对 (100) 硅基板进行碱性蚀刻时,由于 (100) 平面上的蚀刻速度快于 (111) 平面上的蚀刻速度,而形成 V 形槽。所有方向上的蚀刻速度都相同的蚀刻称为各向同性刻蚀。
阳极亮度灵敏度是光阴极面上每入射光通量(10-10 至 10-5 流明)的阳极输出电流(通过二次发射过程放大)。使用在 2856K 的分布温度下工作的钨丝灯来提供入射光。当比较具有相同或类似光谱灵敏度特性的光电管时,阴极和阳极亮度灵敏度特别有用。
阳极亮度灵敏度以 A/lm(安培/流明)表示。请注意,流明是用于可见光区域中光通量的单位,因此这些值对于灵敏度范围超出可见光区域的光电管可能是无意义的。
当含有碱金属的玻璃平面附着在硅平面并在施加电压的情况下加热时,玻璃与硅之间的界面处会产生静电吸引力。阳极键合是利用这种现象的接合技术。在阳极键合过程中,硅面用作阳极。
描述化学/物理反应速度与温度的关系的方程式(见下文),由瑞典化学家 S. A. Arrhenius 于 1889 年提出。当元件劣化的主要原因可能是温度时,使用此方程式计算元件的预期寿命。$$ K=A\cdot exp \bigl( -\frac{Ea}{k\cdot T} \bigr)$$ K:反应速度
A:常数
Ea:活化能 [eV]
k:波尔兹曼常数 [eV/K]
T:绝对温度 [K]
光学放大器通过感应辐射放大信号光。然而,即使在没有输入信号光的条件下,它也会一点一点地发出能量。这就是光学放大器自发辐射,称为 ASE。这种 ASE 是噪声,会劣化特性。
光源在 50% 的规定参数(包括输出能量、漂移和波动)下工作时通常可达到的使用寿命。
使用寿命更长的光源可以降低维护成本以及设备的时间和运行成本。由于独特的电极结构和极小的电极磨损,滨松光源具有前所未有的高稳定性,可延长工作时间。
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