在半导体、绝缘体或金属中,原子核周围的电子以一定宽度的能量水平存在。在半导体或绝缘体中,在存在电子的能量带中,绝对零度时填满电子的最高能量带称为价带,没有电子的能量带称为导带。价带和导带之间的带隙(禁带)中的能量范围称为带隙能量。在金属中,不存在带隙,因为价带和导带彼此重叠。
微通道板的偏角是通道壁与垂直于输入平面的线之间的角度。可通过控制输入事件的入射角来优化带电粒子和电磁辐射的 MCP 的检测效率。典型偏角范围为 5° 至 15°。
用于将直流偏置施加到器件的电路。该电路能够在保持阻抗匹配的同时施加直流偏置,因此是使用高速器件时必需的。
一种对调制信号进行编码的方法,使“0”信号或“1”信号不会出现在连续 3 位或更多位中。与 NRZ 信号相比,双相信号具有两倍的冗余,带宽使用效率为 50%。例如,25 Mbps 双相信号相当于 50 Mbps 的 NRZ 信号。双相信号的优势在于,它们可以通过简单的电路提取时钟分量。与双相信号类似的其他编码方法包括 CMI(编码标记反转)和曼彻斯特编码。
这是评估数字传输质量的一种衡量标准。它表示传输的代码可能被错误识别的概率。误码率与信噪比密切相关,但在某些情况下,误码率并非仅由信噪比决定。
图像传感器中的光电变换信号电荷超过一定水平,并溢出到相邻像素或光电二极管以外的传输区域(在 IT 型 CCD 中)的现象。在 CCD 中,溢出电荷在图像中显示为从光入射位置出现的垂直条纹,就像“涂抹”一样。为防止出现光晕,应实施一些释放过剩电荷的措施。在 CCD 中,使用垂直/水平抗光晕或时钟控制法来抑制这种光晕。
当单色光照射到具有循环排列结构的光散射材料时,在特定角度发生的相干的强反射(该角度的相位与多次表面反射匹配)。该技术用于制造半导体激光器中的谐振器。
当施加到 PN 结的反向电压升高时,在某一电压下反向电流突然增加。该电压称为击穿电压。为方便起见,当评估硅 APD 时,将产生 100 uA 反向电流的电压指定为击穿电压。
一种在半导体晶圆上制造凸块(金属突起,如焊料)的技术。凸块接合用于三维贴装,并且细间距凸块使器件更小更复杂。
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