拉曼光谱法是一种几乎不需要制备样品的物质探测技术。在拉曼光谱仪中,使用单色光(近紫外光、可见光或近红外光)照射样品或分析物。尽管大部分光都是从分子弹性散射(瑞利散射)的,但有一小部分是非弹性散射,从而导致散射光的波长长于(斯托克斯位移)或短于(反斯托克斯位移)入射光。斯托克斯位移和反斯托克斯位移都提供了关于引起入射光散射的分子振动态的信息。由于振动态是分子独有,因此拉曼光谱能够提供有关样品化学组分的信息。
拉曼光谱法与其他技术相比具有许多显著优势。由于该技术不需要或只需极少的样品制备,因此拉曼光谱仪可以实现为支持“定位即拍”光谱采集的便携式手持设备。该设备可以使用可见光探测红外分子转换,无需使用更昂贵的红外光源和红外图像传感器。没有水引起的拉曼散射是另一个关键优势,在获取生物样品的光谱时尤其有用。这些优势使拉曼光谱仪广泛应用于各种用途,例如法医领域的管制物质检测、艺术品鉴别和药物的“泡罩包装”质量控制等。
拉曼信号非常弱,因为大约每 1000 万个光子中才有 1 个是非弹性散射的。然而,如果激发光的能量接近分子中电子跃迁的能量(共振拉曼散射),或者如果分析物靠近金银等贵金属的粗糙表面[表面增强拉曼散射 (SERS)],信号就可能会增强。拉曼信号的表面增强幅度足够大,乃至可以检测和识别单个分子。例如,SERS 已用于检测体内癌细胞、细菌和病毒感染以及食物中的有害分子(食物过敏原)。
具有窄光谱宽度和高波长稳定性的激光光源被用作拉曼光谱仪的光源。
光谱仪可发散拉曼散射光。通常使用具有衍射光栅的多色仪进行发散。
由于拉曼散射光极度微弱,因此需要高灵敏度的探测器。而且最好能够同时检测发散的多个波长,因而使用了线阵图像传感器。需要通过考虑激光光源的波长来选择适当的传感器,以匹配测量波长(波数)范围。
聚苯乙烯板拉曼光谱(使用微型光谱仪 C13054MA)
这是一款紧凑型拉曼光谱模块,集成了微型光谱仪、紧凑型光学系统和滨松的其他技术。
C15471
- 光谱范围:200 至 2500 cm-1
- 分辨率:典型值为 10 cm-1
微型光谱仪采用紧凑纤薄的外壳,集成了光学元件、图像传感器和驱动电路。通过光纤将测量光导入微型光谱仪并通过 USB 连接将测量结果传输到 PC,即可获取光谱数据。可提供多种类型的拉曼光谱仪。
C14214MA
- 光谱响应范围:790 至 1050 nm
- 光谱分辨率(半宽度):0.4 nm 典型值
这是一款 InGaAs 线阵图像传感器,设计用于使用 1064 nm 激光器进行拉曼光谱测量。该产品专为测量拉曼光谱范围而设计,截止波长相比前代产品 (G11508-512SA) 有所减小,以实现低暗电流。
这些 CCD 线阵图像传感器可用于使用 532 nm 或 785 nm 激光器的拉曼光谱仪。
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