在瑞士日内瓦郊区,CERN(欧洲核子研究组织)的 LHC 项目绵延 27 km。该项目的传感器使用了 SSD(硅条检测器)、APD 和 PMT。我们在滨松光子学株式会社创造的光学技术活跃在高能物理领域的前沿,而这一领域也融合了人类的智慧。
SSD
APD
希格斯玻色子是赋予各种物质质量的粒子。它被称为“上帝粒子”,但直到现在才被发现。CERN(欧洲核子研究组织)试图通过在世界上最大的粒子加速器(瑞士日内瓦郊区一条 27 km 的电路)——大型强子对撞机 (LHC) 上进行持续实验,以确认希格斯玻色子的存在。2013 年,它的存在得到证实,而半个世纪之前就预见其存在的名誉教授 Francois Englert 和 Peter Higgs 也因此荣获 2013 年诺贝尔物理学奖。
大型强子对撞机 (LHC) 是世界上最大的粒子加速器,是一个设置在瑞士郊区的 27 km 电路。(图片由 CERN 友情提供)
当质子以接近光速碰撞时,碰撞能量会产生新的粒子。滨松光子学株式会社的传感器通过检测粒子的飞行方向(径迹)及其能量来研究粒子的性质。在 ATLAS 和 CMS 实验的设备中,SSD 已用于检测粒子径迹(自 1999 年起提供)。PMT 用于检测热量计发出的微光,以检测 ATLAS 和 CMS 中的粒子能量,CMS 中使用了 APD。
模拟希格斯玻色子坍缩
(图像由 CERN 友情提供)
2003 年和 2005 年 CERN 颁发的 CMS 奖
ATLAS 实验使用约 14,000 个 SSD,CMS 实验使用约 22,000 个 SSD。SSD 是条纹状的二极管阵列。它检测粒子通过的位置,分辨率为几十微米。
安装在 CMS 实验设备中的硅条检测器(图片由 CERN 友情提供)
在高能物理实验中,由于碰撞中产生的粒子能量的增加,需要更大的传感器。我们开发了一款非常庞大的 SSD,一个 6 英寸硅晶圆只能制成一枚芯片。凭借我们在传感器制造方面的强大能力,我们能够为 LHC 项目提供大面积、高质量的 SSD。
根据传感器安装位置使用了不同形状的 SSD
CERN 的 LHC 项目中安装了 1,232 个超导电磁体,其磁力能够迫使电子束弯曲。因此,LHC 项目的辐射水平达到正常水平的约 600 万倍。我们的 SSD 即使在如此严苛的辐射水平下也能连续五年以上保持高可靠性。未来粒子碰撞实验中径迹探测器的辐射环境,例如将于 2020 年或之后启动的 HL(高亮度)LHC 项目,计划的环境恶劣程度是 2008 年启动的 LHC 项目的 5 至 10 倍。因此,我们正在开发即使在此类环境中也可使用的下一代 SSD。
加速器的超导磁体(图片由 CERN 友情提供)
APD 的受光面为 5 mm x 5 mm。它们与闪烁体结合使用。为了在具有辐射性强磁场的恶劣条件下实现最佳性能,使用了在强磁场中保持强劲的光电半导体。APD 的规格要求是“抗辐射、低噪声”、“高灵敏度、低电容且特性稳定”。这些规格要求相互冲突,但我们通过仔细研究其结构成功达到了规格要求。
用于 CMS 实验热量计的 APD 和闪烁体(图片由 CERN 友情提供)
在 CMS 实验设备中,发射的辐射由闪烁体转换为可见光,随后我们的 APD 会对其进行检测。为了捕获这样的微光,APD 达到了量子效率*为 70% 的高灵敏度。
* 每入射光子输出的电子数
热量计 APD 的概念图
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