光致发光 (PL) 量子产率是指发光材料发射的发光光子数与吸收的激发态光子数之比。
PL 量子产率是指发光器件开发领域的一个重要指标,就降低器件用电功耗而言,提高发光效率至关重要。例如,在开发 OLED 显示器时,会利用 PL 量子产率测量评估材料性能,而精准计算 PL 量子产率则对器件研发至关重要。
测量发光量子产率的方法主要有两种:相对法与绝对法。
相对法是比较样品溶液的 PL 量子产率与在相同条件下测量的已知 PL 量子产率的标准溶液的 PL 量子产率。虽然该法仅需进行极少的校正(例如光谱灵敏度校正与溶剂折射率校正),但其无法精准测定量子产率,且操作过程耗时较长。此外,该法无法表征薄膜和粉末等固体样品。
绝对法无需标准样品即可测定 PL 量子产率。该法的主要技术为积分球法,其可测量薄膜和粉末等固体样品及溶液。该法可非常准确地测定量子产率,且更容易操作、耗时更少。
滨松集团提供基于积分球法的紧凑型先进 PL 量子产率测量系统。
测量方法 | 需标准样品 | 可测量对象 |
---|---|---|
相对法 | 必要 | 解决方案 |
绝对法(积分球法) | 非必要 | 溶液、固体(薄膜、粉末等) |
积分球是指一种由空心球体组成的光学组件,其内表面涂有高反射高扩散物质。发光材料与器件常呈现出独特的光分布角度特性,导致测量辉度随测量位置而变化。当光射入积分球或由积分球内放置的样品发出时,光会在积分球内壁发生多次漫反射。该过程使球内光分布均匀,无论从哪个方向测量,辐射度都近乎一致。积分球内的均匀光分布与发光材料或器件发出的总辐射通量成正比。
利用积分球法,可以准确测量 PL 量子产率,且不受发光材料各向异性光分布特性的影响。该法确保测量能真实反映样品的本征发射特性,从而提供可靠且可重复的测量结果。
图1:发光材料发光图像
图2展示了使用积分球的绝对 PL 量子产率测量系统的示例。该系统一般由激发光源、积分球、光谱仪和数据分析仪组成。将待测量样品放在积分球内的样品架上。从激发光源输出的激发光经光导引入积分球内并辐射到样品上。激发光与样品发出的光于积分球内发生漫反射,进而产生均匀的辉度。可通过光谱仪的光纤探头测量其中的一部分光。
图3展示了 PL 量子产率测量的原理。测量 PL 量子产率时,需要测量参照物与样品的激发光谱和发射光谱。按照从参照物到样品的顺序测量。开始测量参照物时,仅在样品架中进行测量,不测量样品。图 3 中,相比参考光谱,样品光谱的激发光强有所下降,但在较长波长处可观察到发光。这表明样品吸收了部分激发光并发出光。可根据参照物与样品的激发光积分强度与样品较长波长处的发光积分强度之间的差计算 PL 量子产率。
图2:带积分球的绝对 PL 量子产率测量系统示例
图3:PL 量子产率测量原理
热活化延迟荧光 (TADF) 材料是众所周知的第三代 OLED 材料。TADF 是由最低三线态反向系间窜跃 (RISC) 至单线态时产生的荧光。最低激发态之间的小能隙 (ΔEST) 促进了 RISC 过程。通过精准的分子设计成功研发出一种新型 TADF 材料 (4CzIPN)。该材料的 ΔEST 较小,且显示出 0.94 +/- 0.02 的高 PL 量子产率。
Data courtesy of Prof. Chihaya Adachi, Hajime Nakanotani
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, Kyushu Univ.
H. Uoyama, K. Goushi, K. Shizu, H. Nomura, and C. Adachi, Nature. 492, 234 (2012).
使用我们的绝对 PL 量子产率测量系统测量标准荧光溶液的量子产率。使用标准荧光溶液,以相对法测量 PL 量子产率。对于大多数化合物,我们的系统测得的量子产率与文献报道值高度吻合,充分证明了我们的系统的高可靠性。
Collaborative research of Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.; A. Kobayashi, S. Kaneko, K. Takehira, T. Yoshihara, and S. Tobita, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University; H.Ishida, Y.Shiina, and S.Oishi, School of Science, Kitasato University
K. Suzuki, A. Kobayashi, S. Kaneko, K. Takehira, T. Yoshihara, H. Ishida, Y. Shiina, S. Oishi, and S. Tobita, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 9850 (2009).
我们利用对三联苯和蒽的高纯度单晶体,测定这两种典型有机材料各自的荧光量子产率。测量对三联苯,结果显示该高纯度单晶体的荧光量子产率为0.67(图A中的蓝色曲线)。将该单晶体研磨成细粉,使其荧光量子产率升至0.80(图A中的红色曲线)。再研磨高纯度单晶体蒽,使其荧光量子产率从0.64降至0.27(图B)。测量对三联苯,结果显示出高荧光量子产率及荧光光谱短波长侧的结构外观。因此,高荧光量子产率可能是由研磨产生的细粉所引起的,因为这些细粉抑制了再吸收。对蒽进行检测发现,除荧光光谱短波长处的常见发光组分外,研磨还导致长波长处出现发光组分。短波长的发光组分与蒽二聚体的荧光光谱特征相符,因此被认定为来自二聚体态的发光。这证明蒽单晶体荧光量子产率的下降是由研磨诱导产生的二聚体造成的,这些二聚体导致了结构缺陷,并充当了消光中心。
Collaborative research of Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.; Ryuzi Katoh, Akihiro Furube, Ph.D., Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Masahiro Kotani, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, Gakushuin University; and Katsumi Tokumaru, University of Tsukuba.
R. Katoh, K. Suzuki, A. Furube, M. Kotani, and K. Tokumaru, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 2961(2009).
在室温 (22 ˚C (295 K)) 和低温 (-196 ˚C (77 K)) 下分别测量了二苯甲酮有机溶液的磷光量子产率,并在图中对二者进行了比较。已知二苯甲酮被光激发后从基态跃迁至单线态,能高效(fISC 至 1.0)生成三线态激发态。鉴于磷光属于禁阻跃迁,通常很难观测到普通有机化合物的磷光。尽管二苯甲酮中的磷光微弱,但仍明确观测到了磷光光谱(fP 至 0.01)。此外,结果还表明,相比室温,低温下的磷光强度显著增加,且其磷光量子产率更高 (fP>0.8)。
Collaborative research of Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.; A. Kobayashi, S. Kaneko, K. Takehira, T. Yoshihara, and S. Tobita, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University
A. Kobayashi, K. Suzuki, T. Yoshihara, and S. Tobita, Chem. Lett., 39, 282 (2010).
为评估Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University 正在研发的有机光电材料和器件,需用到各种测量方法,如光致发光 (PL) 量子产率测量和荧光寿命测量。为进行此类评估,我们推出了Quantaurus系列与条纹相机。
我们采访了Prof. Chihaya Adachi, Director of the Center与 Assoc. Prof. Hajime Nakanotani,主题为绝对光致发光量子产率测量方法的确立、我们的Quantaurus系列对其研究的影响以及其对未来研究的展望。
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